Language activity Exercise 1. Summarize your knowledge of Passive Constructions and translate the following sentences.

1. The reflecting telescope was invented by Isaac Newton.

2. A Dutch eyeglass maker, Hans Lippershey, has been given credit for the invention of the telescope in 1608.

3. In the 17^th century it was known that rays of light travelled in straight lines.

4. Lenses of moderately good quality were being made for telescopes and microscopes during the first half of the 19^th century.

5. It is said that New York was discovered by an Italian navigator.

6. Before 1932 two fundamental particles had been discovered as a result of great experimental work.

7. Nearly all properties of matter are affected by temperature changes.

8. Optics is being made very important in various branches of industry.

9. Why is this book talked about?

10. London is visited by thousands of tourists every year, isn’t it?

Exercise 2. Choose the suitable Passive construction.

1. Mendeleev’s … a periodic law of nature has entered his name into the history book of science.

1. being established

2. having established

3. having been established

2. If the distance to the star … , its lights power would be judged from its brightness.

1. is known,

2. was known

3. were known

3. Newton suggested that the light … as a stream of particles.

1. is interpreted

2. be interpreted

3. was interpreted

4. Molecular biology … to dominate other science.

1. expects

2. is expected

3. is expecting

5. Such phenomena should … as early as in the 18^th century.

1. know

2. have known

3. have been known

6. They considered all water on the surface of this planet … by volcanic action.

1. having liberated

2. to be liberated

3. to have been liberated.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the verbs given below: can use, to use, to overcome, to award, can duplicate, to produce, can view, to print, to achieve. Use them in the Passive Voice.

1. Further development in the field … during the next decade.

2. This barrier … in 1960 with the invention of the laser.

3. In 1962 two scientists recognized from their work in side-reading radar that holography … as a 3-D visual medium.

4. “Train and Bird” … in 1964 at the University of Michigan.

5. Denisyuk’s approach produced a white-light reflection hologram which … in light from an ordinary incandescent light bulk.

6. The first hologram of a person … in 1967.

7. Benton’s holograms … by stamping the interference pattern onto plastic.

8. The resulting hologram … millions of times for a few cents apiece.

9. Embossed holograms … now by the publishing, advertising and banking industries.

10. In 1971 Dr. Dennis Gabor … the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Exercise 4. Insert prepositions: on, in, of, for, to, with, by, from.

1. Operators of optical telegraph relayed messages … one tower … the next.

2. Bell dreamed … delivering messages through the air.

3. They have already started experiments … germanium.

4. This fiber optic wire was capable … carrying much more information.

5. Fibers with small cores can carry light … only one wave-guide mode.

6. The National Geographic issued the report … some new achievements in holography.

7. It took quite a long time before a new technology was adapted … communications.

8. Those fibers were especially fine … medical imaging.

9. The problems presented … Dr. Kao had been successfully solved.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to “due to” and “is due to”.

Compare: due to – благодаря, вследствие, из-за

is (are, was, were) due to – обусловлен

1. The first space flight became possible due to the efforts of many scientists.

2. Due to the phenomenon of stimulated emission and to the feedback mechanism laser radiation has special characteristics.

3. There is a theory that magnetism is due to electric currents that flow around the Earth.

4. Due to external energy affecting enough atoms, their internal energy can be triggered.

5. Due to the failure with the new device further development of the project was stopped.

Unit 2

WORD STUDY

Exercise 1. Check the transcription in the dictionary and read the words listed below.

Nouns

diode, contaminant, cladding, silica, interface, abrasion, germanium, medium, utility.

Verbs

to bounce, to shield, to channel, to convert, to tunnel, to replace, to transmit.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the following collocations.

Outer jacket, strength material, coded electronic pulse information, total internal reflexion, injection-laser diode.

Exercise 3. The following groups of words are all related in meaning because they have the same roots. Point out suffixes indicating nouns.

Verbs Nouns

transmit transmitter, transmission

receive receiver, receivership

inform informer, information

translate translator, translation

reflect reflector, reflection

construct constructor, construction

contribute contributor, contribution

advertise advertiser, advertisement

employ employer, employment

UNDERSTANDING A PRINTED TEXT

List of Terms:

abrasion – механические повреждения поверхности, трение

angle of incidence – угол падения

buffer material – буферный материал

copper wire system – связь, осуществляемая по медным проводам

critical value – предельное значение

electric utility company – электрическая бытовая компания

extremely reflective surface – поверхность с высоким отражением

head end – входящий конец

injection-laser diode (ILD) – инжекционный лазерный диод

light-emitting diode (LED) – световой диод

optic cladding – оптическое покрытие, кожух

optic core – сердцевина оптического волокна, жила

outer jacket – внешнее покрытие, внешний слой

solvent – разъедание, коррозия, растворитель

strand – пучок волокон, кабель

tunnel into – проходить, направляться в

terrestrial hardwired systems – наземные электронные системы

total internal reflexion – полное внутреннее отражение

transmission medium – средство передачи

READING FOR PRECISE INFORMATION